Environmental Toxicology

Prologue to Environmental Toxicology A talk by Dr Rick Leah (Long form of Notes arranged by Dr R T Leah, Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool yet including material summed up and adjusted from different areas on the www*) Aims The effect of harmful synthetic compounds on untamed life and people has been of incredible worry throughout the previous fifty years. Lamentably this is an enormous, complex branch of knowledge which must be secured hastily inside the time available.However, this talk is planned to give a prologue to crucial parts of how a few poisons collaborate with living life forms to cause pernicious impacts. The multifaceted nature will be clarified and rearranged where conceivable. You ought to comprehend in any event a little about the science of key living beings and how poisons cause harm at a physiological level. You ought to know about how contaminations can initiate change in creatures which can be utilized as a ‘biomarker’ of the nearness and activity of the poisons (in spite of the fact that this will frame the subject of a later talk in this course).Thus as the principle result of this talk you ought to have a valuation for the wide scope of contemporary issues that are brought about by poisonous synthetics in the earth and what administrative specialists are doing to screen and control them. You ought to comprehend the principle dangers that poisonous synthetic compounds posture and how hazard to people and natural life is controlled. You ought to know about the primary gatherings of toxins of contemporary concern.The material secured will be valuable for the thought of two contextual investigations on the effect of harmful synthetic substances in the Great Lakes of North America and the Baltic Sea in later talks. [pic] Environmental Toxicology or Ecotoxicology? [pic] Introduction It was after World War II that expanding worry about the effect of harmful synthetic concoctions on the earth drove Toxicology to extend f rom the investigation of poisonous effects of synthetic substances on man to that of harmful effects on nature. This subject got known as Environmental Toxicology.Ecotoxicology is a generally new control and was first characterized by Rene Truhaut in 1969. It endeavors to consolidate two totally different subjects: nature (â€Å"the logical investigation of communications that decide the conveyance and wealth of organisms† Krebs 1985) and toxicology (â€Å"the investigation of harmful impacts of substances on living organisms†, generally man). In toxicology the life forms sets the constraint of the examination though Ecotoxicology tries to evaluate the effect of synthetic concoctions on people as well as on populaces and entire ecosystems.During the early years, the significant apparatuses of Environmental Toxicology were: identification of poisonous buildups in the earth or in singular living beings and testing for the harmfulness of synthetic concoctions on creatures other than man. It was be that as it may, a major hop in comprehension from a trial creature to a perplexing, multivariate condition and the subject of ECOTOXICOLOGY created from the need to quantify and anticipate the effect of poisons on populaces, networks and entire environments as opposed to on individuals.There is an on-going discussion regarding the specific degree and meaning of ecotoxicology. The least complex definition found to date is that ecotoxicology is â€Å"the investigation of the unsafe impacts of synthetic substances upon ecosystems† (Walker et al, 1996). A progressively complete meaning of Ecotoxicology originates from Forbes and Forbes 1994 â€Å"the field of study which incorporates the biological and toxicological impacts of compound toxins on populaces, networks and biological systems with the destiny (Transport, change and breakdown) of such contaminations in the environment†. nd a few books have been composed as of late which talk about this in some profundity, these include: Cairns, J Jr and Niederlehner B R (1994) Ecological Toxicity Testing. CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton Forbes, V E and Forbes T L (1994) Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice. Chapman and Hall Ecotoxicology Series 2: London. Walker C H, Hopkin S P, Sibly R M and Peakall, D B (1996) Principles of Ecotoxicology. Taylor and Francis: London There are three principle destinations in ecotoxicology (Forbes and Forbes 1994): †¢ acquiring information for hazard appraisal and natural administration. meeting the legitimate necessities for the turn of events and arrival of new synthetic compounds into the earth. †¢ creating experimental or hypothetical standards to improve information on the conduct and impacts of synthetic substances in living frameworks. (More data about the featured terms utilized underneath can be found in the Definitions area. ) In request to accomplish these destinations, the primary zones of study are: The dissemination of POLLUTANTS in nature, their entrance, development, stockpiling and change inside the environment.The impacts of poisons on living life forms. At an individual level, TOXICANTS may upset the biochemical, atomic and physiological structure and capacity which will thusly have ramifications for the structure and capacity of networks and biological systems. At the populace level it might be conceivable to distinguish changes in the quantities of people, in quality recurrence (as in opposition of bugs to bug sprays) or changes in biological system work (e. g. soil nitrification) which are owing to pollution.It might be conceivable to utilize BIOMARKERS to build up that a characteristic populace has been presented to contamination and these can give a significant manual for whether a characteristic populace is in danger or needing further examination. For the motivations behind the Regulation and Registration of synthetic substances the poisonousness of individual synthetics is basically researched through TOXICITY TESTING, the principle instrument of which is the Standard Toxicity Test (STT) which for the most part tests the DOSE or CONCENTRATION of a specific compound that is harmful to under controlled, lab conditions.Toxicity tests are principally done utilizing singular creatures in spite of the fact that there has been a move towards the utilization of progressively complex frameworks known as MESOCOSMS. In certain circumstances, especially on account of pesticides, it might be conceivable to do FIELD TRIALS to survey harmfulness. Poisonousness information are utilized to make evaluations of the HAZARD and the RISK presented by a specific concoction. [pic] Significant Issues with Chemicals that have driven the advancement of Ecotoxicology [pic] 1. DDT †around the globe 2. Cadmium in Japan 3. Mercury in Japan 4. PCBs in Japan and Taiwan 5.Dioxins †different 6. The defilement of unblemished conditions (eg Arctic) by climatic vehicle of organohalogens Most special ists in the field of ecotoxicology allude to the distribution of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) as a milestone in the public’s consciousness of possible harm to human and ecological wellbeing from man-made poisonous substances. As indicated by Rodricks (1992), Carson’s book â€Å"almost without any help made present day society’s fears about engineered synthetic substances in the earth and, in addition to other things, cultivated restored enthusiasm for the study of toxicology†.Certainly the solidification of scholastic and related interests into the investigation of poisonous substances in nature dates from about a similar time as the distribution of Silent Spring. Before the 1960s, there were no planned projects in research, in training or in guideline that efficiently tended to harmful substances in nature. Extensive advancement has been made in every one of these territories during the previous four decades. Destiny of synthetic concoctio ns in nature and inside life forms As ecotoxicologists we are worried about the development and destiny of harmful synthetic substances at both the creature level and that of the entire ecosystem.The important issues are: †¢ the source, †¢ transport, †¢ change and †¢ last destiny of the toxins. At the living being level we should be worried about †¢ Uptake †¢ Excretion †¢ Sites of activity, digestion or capacity Toxicity testing and the guideline and arrival of poisonous synthetic concoctions As ecotoxicology to a great extent emerged from toxicology and the need to manage the presentation of conceivably harmful synthetics into the earth, harmfulness testing stays key to the subject today. Most harmfulness testing for toxins is as yet dependent on tests on singular living beings in counterfeit test circumstances (see rundown of models in next section).These tests are modest, solid and simple to perform yet there is a lot of discussion about the sig nificance of numerous standard poisonousness tests to ‘real life'. At first in the beginning of ecological toxicology the idea of the ‘most touchy species' was utilized to relate the aftereffects of harmfulness tests to the ‘real world'. Certain species in a specific network were surveyed as being ‘most delicate' to poisons. The rationale was that on the off chance that a poison was non-poisonous to the ‘most touchy' species then it would be alright for the remainder of the community.Essentially, this rationale remains today †the consequences of tests on single species, in fake circumstances are extrapolated to foresee the impacts of contaminations on entire networks or biological systems. It is accepted that on the off chance that you have enough data about the impacts of a contamination on the pieces of a biological system, at that point you can amass the consequences for the entirety. There is in any case, some inquiry regarding the handiness of extrapolating from basic, exceptionally fake, single-species harmfulness tests to complex, multi-variate ecosystems.Forbes and Forbes (1994) contend that â€Å"understanding and anticipating the results of toxin actuated impacts on biological systems necessitates that the impacts be analyzed at the degree of interest† I. e. the populace, network or biological system. This discussion has been the wellspring of much division in ecotoxicology, between the Applied, frequently Industrial, Ecotoxicologists worried about the items of common sense of compound enlistment and testing and the Pure or Academic Ecotoxicologists who respect numerous to

Concerns Regarding Both the Understanding and the Use of Culture Essay

Concerns Regarding Both the Understanding and the Use of Culture - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that the world economy has developed as of late. Universal exchange has been the propelling power behind it. However, with the later innovative improvements just as diminished exchange barricades, development in exchange is unquestionably on the ascent. Creating nations have additionally stepped on this fleeting trend, separating the best out of their own particular economies through exchange universally just as locally - inside the nation. The coordination of exchange into the world economy has truly demonstrated supportive for the creating nations as they can advance financial development, improvement just as neediness decrease inside themselves. Further, the organizations which are prepared to utilize overhaul their HR systems are in this way the ones who have discovered achievement in every significant quarter of their business. With this fundamental fuse, they have had the option to take a gander at the moral side of things too si nce the ethical grounds have been set in a legitimate way and there are as such no fears to express the least in the current occasions. A business can move from a place of security to one of a total shaky position as it gets various methods for social occasion the market and its driving elements that join it. The firm needs to change its situation with the changing occasions else it will truly evaporate away from its rivals and all the more so the clients, for which it really exists.

Global Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Skills - Essay Example The open door empowered me to acquire trust in speaking with differing individuals with a variety of social direction, explicitly from France, beside my local nation and in America. The new experiences picked up from learning the French culture and language outfitted me with the fundamental aptitudes to expand the chance of living in Europe and empower me to speak with others utilizing their language. Further, by fortifying learning the elements of culture, I had the option to get a superior edge from others of indistinguishable capabilities from mine, yet without the information on communicating in French. Through learning mind boggling subtleties of the French culture, I was lucky to have shared fascinating realities that could improve correspondence, relational connections and conceivable section to worldwide associations from that nation, specifically, whenever given the correct chance. To emphasize, I joined up with a French for movement class that gave essential hypothetical ru les on language, grammar and habitually utilized explanations for day by day correspondence. In doing as such, capability in French was at first picked up. With normal practice and proceeded with concentrate in higher class modules, I am certain that I would be exceptionally capable in the language. These abilities could be applied in likely arrangements to either live or work in Europe. The essential relational abilities of learning French would be utilized for applicable correspondences: both talking and composing, as one imagines working with a worldwide association, either in France, or with branches in Europe. Because of learning a third language, I increased more fitness and certainty to speak with individuals from France or from other French talking nations. Getting familiar with social qualities, conventions and practices of their specific culture sharpened my worldwide abilities and set me up for future undertakings in Europe, or conceivable in different nations around the globe. With the inception of learning a third language, I can generally pick to contemplate different dialects regarded suitable and reliable with tentative arrangements to either live in a specific remote nation or to work in a worldwide association. Worldwide Knowledge The exercises gave by the French to travel class, a composing serious class, and a craftsmanship class empowered me to extend information incorporating topographical and socio-social realities in non-US nations. The hypotheses, applications and verifiable ideas gained from these classes broadened my comprehension on different social viewpoints of Europe, specifically. The information picked up from these exercises help with making scholarly relative examination between the social direction of my local nation, the practices, qualities and standards in the United States, and that of the new learning. These exercises helped with increasing extended worldwide information on rich conventional and culture from different n ations that would set me up for likely arrangements to work in worldwide associations. The classes and exercises, in like manner, gave advanced data on the French culture and workmanship history, among others, that empowered fellowships and solid relational connections from differing understudies from Europe. The workmanship history class, for example, gave me more extensive points of view and data on the development and parts of craftsmanship in Europe through time. It made me increasingly keen to stylish estimation of various works of art, styles and articulations found in different media. The encounters caused me to acknowledge contemporary generation’s open standpoint and capacity to grasp, acknowledge and potentially

An Evaluation Of Studys Of Fund Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The study of Dahlquist, Stefan and Paul (2000) analyzed the fund performance in Swedish. The study was conducted on the basis of Swedish mutual funds from the end of 1992 to the end of 1997. The study estimated the performance of Swedish funds from 1993 to 1997. The estimated the study then evaluated the relation between performance and fund attributes such as: inflows and outflows, size, turnover, etc. The results showed that larger equity funds tend to perform less well than smaller equity funds. On the other hand larger bond funds performed better than smaller bond funds. Similarly the measured performance is negatively related to fees, that is, high fee funds seem not to perform as well as low fee funds. Wermers (2000) conducted a research to analyze the performance of the mutual fund industry from 1975 to 1994. Therefore study used two comprehensive mutual fund databases of the US industry. These two databases were merged to provide a complete record of the funds existed during the sample period. Study then decomposed fund returns and costs into various components in order to address problematic issues to the study of mutual fund performance. The results indicated that the funds that hold stocks outperformed the market. Stehle and Olaf (2001) conducted a research to evaluate the open-ended mutual funds risk-adjusted performance. Study used a data set that included all German funds sold to the public in 1972. The research analyzed covers the time period of 1973 to 1998. DAX, which included the 30 largest German stocks and DAX100, which included the 100 largest German stocks were used as benchmarks for comparison. First of all researchers examined the rates of return of individual funds with the help of Sharpe (1966) and Jensen measures and then applied the same measures to evaluate the unweighted average rates of return of all funds. In case of the rates of return of individual funds, results showed that the funds underperform the appropri ate benchmarks by approximately 1.5 % per year. On the other hand underperformance was reduced by 40 % in case of unweighted average rates of return. Study also concluded that the large German stock mutual funds, on the average, performed better than the small ones. Galagedera and Param (2002) conducted a research to analyze the relative efficiency of Australian mutual funds and examine the sensitivity of the results for various combination of input and output variables. Study employed a sample of 257 Australian mutual funds for the period 1995-1999. After applying data envelopment analysis (DEA) and logistic regression study concluded that when DEA captures funds long-term growth and income distribution than a shorter time horizon more funds show efficient. Study also concluded that funds efficiency depends to a large extent, on the asset allocation score and that the DEA ranking of funds is independent of the time horizon used. Therefore all these observations provide guidance to analysts in selecting the appropriate input and output variables when using DEA in mutual fund appraisal. In order to identify the determinants of after-tax performance, pretax performance, and tax efficiency, a study was conducted by Peterson (2002). For this purpose a sample of 1,170 diversified U.S. equity funds over the period of 1981-98 was used. Study applied two-step estimation technique in the analysis. The results indicated that funds that were historically tax efficient outperformed comparable funds on an after-tax basis. The results also showed that pretax performance, investment style, risk and expenses were important determinants of after-tax and pretax returns. Study suggested that taxable investors should not make investment decisions with tax efficiency as the sole focus. Instead, study emphasized maximizing after-tax returns (for the chosen risk tolerance). A study was conducted by Cesari and Panetta (2002) to examine the risk-adjusted performance of fun ds. Sample of study was comprised of all the equity funds in existence in Italy from 1984 to 1995. Study analyzed the risk-adjusted performance by using net returns as well as gross returns. Single factor and multifactor benchmarks were used for the purpose of comparison. Similarly managers market-timing ability is taken into account by using the CAPM and multifactor models. The results showed that with gross returns, the performance is always positive. Results also showed that the return on Italian government bonds was slightly higher than the return on Italian equities during sample period. A study was conducted by Otten, and Mark (2002) to compare the performance of European mutual fund industry with performance of United States fund industry. Sample of 506 European open-ended mutual funds and 2096 American open-ended mutual funds was taken from January 1991 to December 19979. Study was restricted the sample to purely domestic equity funds with at least 24 months of data. R esults also indicated that European mutual funds had on average a better performance than the American counterparts and that the small cap mutual funds in both Europe and the United States outperformed the benchmark and all other mutual funds. A study was conducted by Artikis (2002) to analyze the risk adjusted performance of equity mutual funds operating in Greek from 1995-1998. For this purpose daily, weekly and monthly returns were calculated and compared with the GIASE. These funds were ranked on the basis of standard deviation, total risk, and techniques of Treynor (1965) , Sharpe (1966), and Jensen. The results showed that coefficient of variations of seven mutual funds were higher than the GIASE whereas the total risk of all the seventeen mutual funds was lower than the GIASE. On the other hand Treynor (1965) s index showed values higher than the General Index of the ASE. Sorros (2003) examined the performance of equity mutual funds. For this purpose a sample of sixteen equity funds was taken for the period 1995-1999. The average daily returns of all the sample funds were calculated and these funds were ranked on the basis of the systematic risk, return, coefficient of variation, and techniques of Sharpe (1966) and Treynor (1965). Results showed that total risk and risk-return coefficient of all the sixteen mutual funds was lower than Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). It also showed that four mutual funds achieved lower return than ASE. The author also concluded that eight sample funds varied to some extent between the techniques proposed by Sharpe (1966) and Treynor (1965). The study of Artikis (2003) evaluated the risk adjusted performance of the ten domestic mutual funds for the period 1/1/1995 31/12/1998. In doing so, the mutual funds under consideration were ranked on the basis of the return, and techniques of Treynor (1965), Sharpe (1966), and Jensen. The ten domestic balanced mutual funds participating in the research had lower return as com pared to the return of General Index. However, this return appears to be satisfactory since the risk undertaken by these mutual funds was significantly lower than the corresponding risk of the General Index of the ASE. The ranking of the sample mutual funds varied to some extent among the techniques proposed by Treynor (1965), Sharpe (1966) and Jensen. Rao and Ravindran (2003) conducted a research to examine the performance of Indian mutual funds in a bear market for the period of September 1998 to April 2002. Initially study employed a sample of 269 open ended schemes (out of total schemes of 433) for computing relative performance index. But when study excluded those funds whose returns were lees than risk-free returns, only 58 schemes were left. Study computed logarithmic returns from monthly closing NAVs and applied Treynor (1965)s ratio, Sharps ratio, Sharps measure, Jensens measure, and Famas measure to evaluate the performance. The results showed that Out of 269 schemes, 4 9 were under performers, 102 were par performers and 118 were out performers of the market. Study concluded that most of the mutual fund schemes in the sample of 58 were able to satisfy investors expectations by giving excess returns over expected returns. In order to analyze the Performance Selectivity, Market Timing and Persistence of Danish Mutual Fund a study was conducted by Christensen (2005). Study tried to provide evidence on performance evaluation for mutual funds that invest purely in the Danish market as well as mutual funds that invest outside Denmark. For this purpose this study employed a sample of 47 Danish mutual funds consisting of 34 equity funds and 13 fixed income funds from January 1996 to June 2003. Study applied single index model and a multi-factor model to analyze the selectivity. Parametric and non-parametric methodologies were used to examine performance persistence while the timing ability was analyzed with the help of quadratic regression and option a pproach. The results indicated that net of expenses none of the 47 Danish mutual funds had been able to obtain superior performance. The researchers concluded that Danish mutual funds performed neutrally, returns were non-persistent and Danish mutual funds had no timing ability. Noulas, John and John (2005) evaluated the risk adjusted performance of Greek equity funds during the period 1997-2000. This study is based on weekly data for equity mutual funds and includes 23 equity funds that existed for the whole period under consideration. Mutual funds were ranked on the techniques used by Treynor (1965), Sharpe (1966) and Jensen. Results showed positive returns of the stock market for the first three years and negative returns for the fourth year. The results also indicated that the beta of all funds is smaller than 1 for four-year period. The authors concluded that the equity funds have neither the same risk nor the same return. The investor needs to know the long-term behavior of mutual funds in order to make the right investment decision. Bauer, Roger and Alireza (2006) conducted a research to analyze the performance of New Zealand mutual funds for the period January 1990 till September 2003. Study employed a sample of 143 open-ended mutual funds, of which 30 were domestic equity, 63 international equity and 50 multisector, respectively. Study used different measures such as Single-factor performance model, Market timing model, Multifactor performance models, and Conditional multifactor performance model to evaluate the performance of the sample funds under period of analysis. The results indicated that New Zealand mutual funds had not been able to provide out-performance and that the balanced funds underperformed significantly. Researchers found no evidence of timing abilities by the fund managers but observed the return persistence for all funds in short term. Researcher also found that the risk-adjusted performance for equity funds is positively rela ted to fund size and expense ratio and negatively related to load charges. A study was conducted by Francis, Kim and Faff (2006) to examine the US mutual funds performance using the multiscaling approach: wavelet analysis. Study collected the monthly mutual fund returns for the US over the period January 1991 to December 2005. Sharpe (1966) ratio was used at various time scales to evaluate the performance of these three groups of mutual funds. Results indicated that since the risk and value (performance) were timescale-dependent therefore any attempt to measure performance must consider the investment horizon effect. Researcher concluded that in case of index fund, the size of funds does not matter in terms of the performance but in case of institutional and active funds, the funds with the higher net asset values consistently performed better than those with the lower net asset values. In order to evaluate the diversification benefits and performance persistence of U.S.-based global bond funds a study was conducted by Polwitoon and Tawatnuntachai (2006). For this purpose a sample of 188 global and 531 domestic bond funds was taken for the period 1993 to 2004. Study compared the performance of global bond funds to performance of domestic bond funds using both unconditional and conditional Sharpe (1966) ratios. The results showed that global funds underperformed broad-based benchmark indexes but concluded that the underperformance was less than the funds expense ratio. Results also indicated that global funds provide higher total return and comparable risk-adjusted return to domestic bond funds. Leite and Cortez (2006) conducted a research to analyze the impact of using conditioning information in evaluating the performance of mutual funds. For this purpose two different samples of Portuguese-owned open end equity funds were built, over the period of June 2000 to June 2004. The first sample contained surviving 24 funds (10 National funds and 14 Europea n Union funds) at the end of June 2004. While the second sample included all surviving and 20 non-surviving funds during the sample period. Both conditional and unconditional models were used to evaluate the performance. The results of unconditional model indicated that the performance of National funds was neutral while the performance of European Union funds was negative. On the other hand conditional models suggested that conditional betas (but not alphas) are time-varying and dependent on the dividend yield variable. A study was conducted by Arugaslan, Ed and Ajay (2007) to evaluate the risk-adjusted performance of US mutual funds. Study employed a sample of 20 largest US-based mutual funds for the period 1995-2004. Study used Quarterly returns for computing the measures of return and risk. Modigliani and Modigliani (M Square) and Sortino Ratio are used to evaluate the performance. Study identified the performance evaluation over a five-year (2000-2004) and ten-year (1995-200 4) investment horizon. The authors concluded that funds with the highest returns faced higher risk due to which funds lose attractiveness. Boudreaux, S.P., Dan and Suzanne (2007) conducted a study to examine the risk adjusted returns of international mutual funds for the period of 2000-2006. For this purpose a sample of ten portfolios of international mutual fund was taken and risk-adjusted performance was calculated by using Sharpe (1966)s Index of Reward to Variability ratio. US market of mutual funds was taken as the benchmark. The results showed that the performance of nine out of ten of the international mutual fund was higher than the U.S. market. Those portfolios which contained only U.S stock mutual funds underperform on a risk adjusted the funds that contained all international mutual funds. The authors concluded that Investors may not fully take advantage of possible portfolio risk reduction and higher returns if international mutual funds were excluded Abdullah, Tau fiq and Shamsher (2007) conducted a research to analyze the difference in terms of performance between conventional and Islamic mutual funds in the context of Malaysian capital market. For this purpose a sample of 65 funds out of which 14 were Islamic was taken. These monthly returns of these funds were analyzed from 1992-2001 by using Sharpe (1966) index, adjusted Sharpe (1966) index, and Jensen Alpha and KLCI was used as a market benchmark. Results showed that the performance of Islamic funds was lower than conventional funds during bullish economic conditions whereas it performed better than conventional funds during bearish economic trends. Results also showed that the two types of funds were unable to get at least 50 per cent market diversification levels. In order to examine the risk adjusted performance of Slovenian mutual funds, a study was conducted by Jagric, Boris and Sebastjan and Vita (2007). Study employed sample of only those funds which were older than three years in the period 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2003. Weekly returns of all the mutual funds were calculated for the sample period. Study used Ljubljana Stock Exchange SBI20 index (which is a market capitalization weighted average of the 15 largest companies) as a benchmark. Sharpe (1966) ratio, Treynor (1965) ratio, Jensens Alpha, and Treynor (1965) -Mazuy timing measure were used to evaluate the risk-adjusted performance. The researchers found that the rankings obtained by applying both the Sharpe (1966) and Treynor (1965) rules to be almost the same, implying that funds were well diversified and concluded that all analyzed funds outperformed the market. Study also concluded that some of the funds performed extremely well compared to other mutual funds worldwide. Arugaslan, Ed and Ajay (2008) examined the risk-adjusted performance of US-based international equity funds from 1994-2003. The analysis was done for five-year period 1999-2003 and ten-year period 1994-2003. For this a s ample of 50 large US-based international equity funds was taken and a new method of measurement Modigliani and Modigliani (M squared) was applied. The performance was compared with both domestic and international benchmark indices. The results showed that the risk has great impact on the attractiveness of Funds. Higher return funds may loose attractiveness due to higher risk while the lower return funds may be attractive to investors due to the lower risk. Fernaacute;ndez, Vicente and Andrada (2008) conducted a research to compare the average return on Spanish mutual funds with inflation, stock market investment and Spanish government bonds. The analysis was done during the period 1991-2007 and Index of the Madrid Stock Exchange (ITBM) was taken as benchmark. Study employed a sample of 935 mutual funds and made the analysis on 3, 5, 10 and 16 years basis. Various tables and charts were used for the purpose of comparison. The results concluded that during the past 10 and 16 years, the average return on mutual funds in Spain was lower than the average return on government bonds. Similarly the average return on mutual funds was also lower than the inflation. On the other hand out of 935 only 30 mutual funds outperformed the benchmark and only two of them outperformed the overall Index of the Madrid Stock Exchange (ITBM). Dietze, Oliver and Macro (2009) conducted a research to evaluate the risk-adjusted performance of European investment grade corporate bond mutual funds. Sample of 19 investment-grade corporate bond funds was used for the period of 5 years (July 2000 June 2005). Funds were evaluated on the basis of single-index model and several multi-index and asset-class-factor models. Both maturity-based indices and rating based indices were used to account for the risk and return characteristics of investment grade corporate bond funds. The results indicated that the corporate bond funds, on average, underperformed the benchmark portfolios and there was not a single fund exhibiting a significant positive performance. Results also indicated that the risk-adjusted performance of larger and older funds, and funds charging lower fees was higher.

Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno - 1280 Words

Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno nbsp; It is possible to divide the critics into two camps regarding Herman Melvilles purpose in writing Benito Cereno. Joseph Schiffman, Joyce Adler, and Sidney Kaplan all argue that Melville wrote the story to make a comment on slavery. On the other hand, Sandra Zagarell and Allan Emery contend that Melville goes beyond slavery and is pointing out other flaws in mid Nineteenth century American notion. nbsp; Benito Cereno tells the story of a slave revolt on a ship at sea. Schiffman, Adler, and Kaplan argue that Melville wrote the story as a comment on slavery. Schiffman and Adler contend that Melvilles novella is a clear indictment of slavery. Kaplan takes the†¦show more content†¦He argues that Melville wrote a moral tale, not an abolitionist story. At the end of the essay, Schiffman contradicts himself by proclaiming that Babos head being unabashed as Benito Cereno, the slave trader, follow[s] his leader is an indictment of slavery. nbsp; nbsp; Benito Cereno: Slavery and Violence in the Americas is Joyce Adlers analysis of Melvilles story. While agreeing with Schiffman that Melville wrote an anti-slavery book, she goes beyond her predecessor by claiming that Melville intended to show intricacies of the master/slave relationship and the violence that slavery breeds. Adler argues that the master and slave are inseparable, irreconcilable, and interchangeable (82). She points out that Babo frees himself and subsequently enslaves his former master, Don Benito. She says that Delanos statement, Ah, this slavery breeds ugly passions in man, is Melvilles indictment of the practice (86). Adler does not accept Schiffmans color analysis. She contends that black and white are merely opposites and have no significance other than their relative positions in the master/slave relationship. She also places the story in a much broader historical context. She concludes that Benito Cereno is Melvilles attempt to warn the United States of its critical flaw: slavery. To this end, Adler includes exhaustive evidence that Melville linked Spain and the United States in the characters ofShow MoreRelatedSlave revolt comparrison of La Amistad and Benito Cereno1564 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Nicole C. Benito Cereno In Benito Cereno, Herman Melville wrote about how a group of Africans revolted on the ship that was taking them to South America to become slaves. The slaves revolted and killed many sailors and were trying to guide the ship back to their home country, but how often did that happen in real life? Herman Melville must have gotten his inspiration from somewhere. Around the time that Benito Cereno was written, the slave trade ship La Amistad was sailingRead MoreWhy I Am My Writing957 Words   |  4 Pageswas not the case. When entering EN3414, I had no knowledge of critical theories or how to use secondary sources to enhance my argument instead of carry it. I believed my heavy sentence phrasing to be an asset instead of a way to bury my argument beneath long thoughts. In EN3414, I was able to focus on taking my papers straight to my argument, to avoid useless sources or let them lead the paper instead of letting my argument carry the essay. And because I have learned to revise and rewrite my papers

Analysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five Essay

Natalie Lubben December 5, 2016 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Draft Slaughterhouse-five War is a virus, a plagues our world and has experienced since the early ages of time. Once a war is cured a new strain begins stronger and more unforgiving as the last. Humans are creatures of habit which continue the violence. Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, slaughterhouse-five, is a deliberate and well developed statement against war as expressed through the tone, rhetoric, and characters, making anti war a prominent theme through the entirety of the novel. Slaughterhouse-five advocates for the prevention of war and all the terrible consequences that follow. Kurt Vonnegut s seemingly parallel relationship with the main character of the novel, Billy Pilgrim, and the parallels of other characters to real life individual paints a more vivid and real wickedness to war. â€Å"All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true† (1). In the first line of the novel Vonnegut declares his credibility. In 1944, Kurt Vonnegut served in Europe and fought in t he Battle of the Bulge. After this battle, Vonnegut was captured and became a prisoner of war. He was in Dresden, Germany, during the Allied firebombing of the city and saw the complete devastation caused by it. Vonnegut himself escaped harm only because he, along with other POWs (prisoners of war), were working in an underground meat locker making vitamin supplements. Similarly Billy Pilgrim, the main character ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1453 Words   |  6 Pagesbut the main traits of post-modernism are embracing skepticism and overturning conventions. With this in mind, Kurt Vonnegut explores war drawing parallels from his own past experience and depicts it through his character Billy Pilgrim allowing the reader to see the dichotomy in reality and fiction, separating his novel from the normal layout of a linear novel. Also, Slaughterhouse-Five discusses the controversial military action as a post-modern novel, as it brings many perspective s to the bombingRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1634 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Vonnegut once said, â€Å"So it goes† to describe the unavoidableness of fate. This aspect of seeing terrible things and being able to continue on would become a main theme in his novels. Vonnegut, as an author, received his essential voice by writing about his own experiences, using what would become his signature pessimistic yet humanist view. Vonnegut is described by Lindsay Clark as, â€Å"Worse than a pessimist†¦ he is an eternal optimist doomed to disappointment† (Clark, â€Å"Viewing Four Vonnegut NovelsRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five1134 Words   |  5 Pagesmoment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is so it goes. This quote, from Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse-five, has always stuck with me. Looking at the world through a softly tinted glass can brighten the edges. All the difficult and low stretches of life could be such a small fraction, if we would look at things from perspectives other thanRead MoreKurt Vonnegut : A Hybrid Of Science Fiction And Satire1716 Words   |  7 PagesLeanne Arata English 11 Mrs. Wheeler 5/8/2016 Kurt Vonnegut The idea of making a work that does not fit into a single category of work is how Kurt Vonnegut has become such a phenomenon. Kurt Vonnegut has a hybrid writing style which allows him to critique human nature and this is evident in his work. A hybrid writer is someone who makes something by combining two different genres to create something new. Vonnegut’s work is a hybrid of science fiction and satire. Satire is an author’s way of sayingRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesI. Author- Kurt Vonnegut’s background had an endless influence upon his writing. In his early years, Vonnegut was a private in the 106th infantry division in World War II. He and five scouts were caught behind enemy lines, and then captured. They were held POWs and were beaten on various occasions. In 1945, they witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany. Kept during this time in a slaughterhouse, this is part of the inspiration for Slaughterhouse-five. After being released from the SlaughterhouseRead MorePoststructuralist Analysis Of Slaughterhouse-Five. Poststructuralism1603 Words   |  7 PagesPoststructuralist Analysis of Slaughterhouse-Five Poststructuralism is a form of psychoanalytic theory. It is the study of the natural development of the psyche to structure. In this critical analysis, Lacanianism will be the focus. â€Å" Lacan’s psychoanalytic work is often evoked to explain how power works, why the individual - the subject - is so extraordinarily susceptible to power† (Bertens, 161). What this form of poststructuralist psychoanalysis can do is explain someone’s behavior by deconstructingRead MoreEpicac by Kurt Vonnegut897 Words   |  4 PagesEPICAC is a short story which is written by Kurt Vonnegut and published in his book  ¨Welcome to the Monkey House ¨ (1968). This book is a collection of short stories with different themes from war-time epics to futuristic thrillers. This story was first published before in 1950 for Colliers Weekly. Kurt Vonnegut (1992-2007) is considered one of the most influential American novelists of the twentieth century. Some of his most importantRead MoreThe Mom2180 Words   |  9 Pages | |Author(s): Wilson |Date Created / Revised: 4-06-2010 | |Six Weeks Period: 6th |Grade Level Course: English III AP | |Timeline:   25 Days |Lesson Unit Title:  Slaughterhouse Five/AP Test Blitz Read MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2534 Words   |  11 Pagescertain that Gilman’s own experiences of mental health problems and subsequent inadequate attempts at treatment provided the mainstay of her inspiration for the novel. In her autobiography Gilman stated that the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell [her doctor], and convince him of the error of his ways’. Gilman’s use of such a forwardly unreliable narrator was not ground-breaking, the technique has been utilised by authors from Chaucer to Sterne. Yet Gilman’s choice utilisationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Limerence Of Martha 1170 Words   |  5 Pagesmortal. Many war writers who have seen action follow that same trend, especially if they have been on active duty. Kurt Vonnegut has been renowned for his stor y Slaughterhouse 5 where he tells of a first-person tale about the Dresden firebombing. The Things They Carried and Slaughterhouse Five both carrying the tone of humping life on your shoulders. It is routine survival from Vonnegut s quote â€Å"so it goes,† and Tim O’Brien’s quote â€Å"determined by necessity.† These books are raw, untainted passion.

The Time Traveler free essay sample

The Time Machine is primarily a social critique of H. G. Wellss Victorian England projected into the distant future. Wells was a Socialist for most of his life with Communist leanings, and he argued in both his novels and non-fiction works that capitalism was one of the great ills of modern society. The most obvious theme you could explore when writing your essay is that of a continuing class struggle, even 800,000 years in the future. As the Time Traveller overlooks the future Earth he notices that the individual family has disappeared and presumes this society to be a form of communism. This theory is disproved when our hero is introduced to the Morlocks, but we can then begin to see obvious distinctions between the Haves and the Have-nots. Even in the names of the two species we can notice discrepancies. The word Eloi itself sounds like the word elite, describing a rich, elite being, while Morlocks is a seemingly perfect word to describe a brutish, ape-like creature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Time Traveler or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So even in the future Karl Marx’s theory that â€Å"all history isa history of class struggle† remains pertinent. The Time Machine is Wellss Socialist warning of what will befall mankind if capitalism continues to exploit workers for the benefits of the rich. If your essay is about the themes explored then you might look at the following class strugge evolution and social Darwinism the white sphinx time and relativity you could also refer to Chris Semansky.

Poverty in Third World Countries free essay sample

Helping poor people is ethical behavior and everyone should do it in order to continue our lives. Every year, there are millions of people at risk of going hungry. There are ways people can end poverty all around the world. People can eliminate poverty if we work together to fight it and avoid selfishness. Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve poverty. People always say they feel sorry for poor people and the rich love them, but they never do their part. People do not prevent themselves from buying things that are not necessary to them. That money could be donated to people who are in need of it. There are many people in rich countries living a luxurious life, while others in poor countries are starving but cannot find anything to eat. People in rich countries are buying more than their needs. For example, many teenagers in developed countries have more than one video game. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty in Third World Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People also buy too much clothes that they are not using. The proper way of helping poor people, just give them only what they are need such as foods and money, or educational experiences from developed countries which helps them to change their situations. Food and money are going to run out, but education and experience never run out. The kinds of education and experiences that would help the poor: teaching sustainable agriculture, planting trees, and teaching them how to use their resources. â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for the rest of his days. † Rich nations must provide poor nations the elements and the possibility to develop themselves. In contrast, Developed nations want poor nations to remain as they are: poor. In order to control them, they have a dependent relationship, and determine their economic situations. In both reading â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† and â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† they argue about wealth helping the poor. In â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† Garrett Hardin suggests that rich countries teach poor countries to â€Å"build their own boat. † Moreover, Hardin explains that poor nations will always be taking food from the Food Bank, which makes them unmotivated to improve their status. In the reading â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† Peter Singer states that organizations should take money from rich countries which spend on luxurious items and instead donate it to help needy people. Hardin point is more important because he depicts what is the proper way to help poor nations by helping them to â€Å"build their own boat. † There are three points explain that Hardin’s ideas about the proper way of helping the poor. The first is the homeless have the same opportunity as rich people have, and the rich should help the homeless. The second is people should share their resources with those in hardship situations. The third is developed countries must help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education, because those are concept of any developing countries. First of all, the homeless have the same opportunities as financial stable people have. Financial stable people should help the homeless. There is a serious problem with the way homeless people are treated. They are not treated as any normal human beings are treated. Within my own experience, I used to contribute to a nonprofit organization called â€Å"FTFT. † This organization seeks to alleviate the suffering of the neediest in our communities, who deal with disease, hunger, and loneliness. The organization visits homeless shelters and assist them in serving their residents. The FTFT gives me the opportunity to meet many homeless people. In the beginning, I was weary of them, but once I treated them I realized that most of them are very kind. However, I had a question. Why don’t the homeless go to find a job as I do? One day, I attempted to find out an answer. I started to ask some of them, why you do not go to find a job in order to change your life’s situations? Moreover, the streets in winter months are very cold. They are not proper for living. Some of the homeless said that they tried many times to look for any job, but they did not find any. The reason is they are trouble to acquire a job without a home address. Furthermore, most of businessmen think that the homeless are untrustworthy people, which become another obstacle, for them to change their life situations. Also, their lack of education becomes a main reason of their problems to find a job. The homeless have been dubbed the outcasts of society. On the other hand, many of the homeless could obtain jobs, but they chose not to. The reason is they always find help from some organizations and individuals, which makes them lazier. The best thing organizations could do with the homeless, organizations give them money and foods and likewise make them contribute in organizations, which gives the homeless opportunities to live normal lives. Indeed, the public should do something, because the homeless are a large part of our society. The public must work together to end their suffering as much as possible. In the essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† by Peter Singer illustrates that the main idea of how we can end the homeless problems by saying that American people spend almost one third of their income on things not important to them. Additionally, Singer claims that â€Å"By his calculation, $200 in donations would help a sickly two- years-old transform into a healthy six year old, offering safe passage through childhoods most dangerous year. † the government must give the homeless new opportunities to change their lives by finding jobs and educating them which helps them to contribute our community. Also, government should help the other homeless who have mental health problems. As a matter of fact, Natural resources are belonging to humanity. Since we all have to face this is energy crisis, we should share our natural resources justly. This is what should be done with whole countries around the world. All world resources such as oil, coal and natural gas should be distributed equally between rich Countries and poor Countries regardless of borders. Natural resources are not made by humans. They are a part of the planet we all live on. Therefore, these resources should be equally distributed between all countries. In our world, there are many people believe in that all we are humans and we are a part of the planet. I think that this is way it going to be beneficial for the rich countries also, because poor countries have many natural resources such as African countries, but there are lacking of education which made them poor. That is why there are many organizations work worldwide to help the other countries who face a hardship. One of these organizations is the world food bank, which is helping people worldwide. Additionally, UNICEF and Oxfam America are nonprofits organizations are working to help people around the world. In the essay â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† by Garrett Hardin states that advantages and disadvantages the world food bank. The advantages are rich countries that have overflowing of their grain deposit, and poor countries would draw independent on what they needs. On the other hand, disadvantages of sharing is selfishness of some countries are asking for more than their needs, or some developed countries do not want to share their resources with others. It means that there will always be someone looking to take advantage of the commons. Hardin asks But does everyone on the Earth have an equal right to an equal share of its resources? † If the answer is yes, why we have some poor countries and some rich countries? To help the destitute nation doesn’t mean giving money to them. As an old proverb goes, â€Å"Teaching a man how to fish is better than giving him a fish. † developed countries should help those poor countries with education, medical and agriculture all of human beings are part of the earth. The public should help each other and make the world better. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries by given them proper experiences and education. Even though numerous countries have many resources, they are still poor, because they are lacking of experience and education. For example, Nigeria has a lot of natural resources such as gold and oil, but it still poor country. The reason is Nigeria has many groups, and each group has a different belief, which makes a war among each other. Moreover, Nigeria does not have enough experience of how they using their resources as well. Developed countries should give Nigeria their experience and proper education instead of money which helps them to change their hardship situations. Hardin asserts that â€Å"The modern approach to foreign aid stresses the export of technology and advice, rather than money and food. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education. Many third world countries do not have enough resources. That is why developed countries helping them to improve their live situations from many aspects, For example, health, education, and trade. However, the government of the third world countries should work hard in order to elements poverty in their region. But people find many governments of poor countries do not want to change themselves. They rely on the aids whatever comes from rich countries. Developed countries such as America have share of worlds natural, financial or their resources, but the poor countries must work side by side with rich countries in order to reduce poverty in their counties. The United States launches free educational programs for the third world countries in order to help them to improve their life situation such as upgrading the agrarian. The education is the only way can change a person’s life. An old proverb â€Å"The education is movement from the dark to the light. † That is why education is the best way for helping poor countries.

American Hauntings in Horrific Times Essays

American Hauntings in Horrific Times Essays American Hauntings in Horrific Times Essay American Hauntings in Horrific Times Essay The purpose of my paper is to focus upon Demonic entities haunting American society in horrific ways from the books, â€Å"Monsters in America† and â€Å"Beloved†. When it comes to hauntings and horror in the minds of Americans today, men tend to not have the capacity to integrate a demonic entity as well as a women could. Men usually need something that asserts or implies the truth and or falsity in something, while women don’t need to have any reason to believe that demonic entities exist. From serial killers like Ed Gein, and war heroes like those from the Vietnam War, to hauntings such as Beloved, These demons are still alive and thriving in society today. Many Americans encountered horrific scenarios throughout history, W. Scott Poole’s novel Monster’s in America talks about our historical obsession from hideous killers to demonic hauntings, I along with the class read this novel for the first time this semester and it was an unexpectedly pleasuring to some of us. Throughout the book we learned about different serial killers such as Ed Gein, a serial killer from our very own state of Wisconsin. â€Å"Before law enforcement coined the term, Gein, and his brutal crimes, ushered in the aegis of the maniac murderer in American popular culture. The serial killer became central to American discussions of public order, criminality, celebrity, and the nature of sexuality in the final third of the 20th century.† Poole defines to us what and when his bloody crimes started. Gein kept gruesome trophies from his killings. This demon had refrigerators full of human organs. Also, Gein turned human skulls into decorative bowls f or his bedside. Vulvas were discovered in a shoebox, some painted silver. He also sewed masks and an outfit made of human skin. The police also found a women’s body hollowed out in a manner that a Wisconsin hunter would dress a deer. Poole gives us very accurate descriptions of the horror many victims faced when Gein

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example Nevertheless, society seemed to have heeded the call. Burke (2002) elucidated on the necessity of change in organizations as an avenue for survival and viewed such change as a means of adapting to their particular environment. In the realm of work and organizations, critical contrast is now being focused on modernism and post-modernism. I also believe that the gradual switch from the former to the latter workplace standard can provide an idea of how much change work and organisations endured in this generation. Grint (2005) ascribed ‘certainty, stability and consensus’ to modernist organizations vis a vis their opposites of ‘instability, uncertainty and dissensus’ to the post-modernist ones. Grint’s three sets of opposite words generalize the paradigm shift from modernism to past modernism in the course material depiction of structural change from rigid bureaucracies to flexible organizations; the consumption trend from mass markets to niche markets; from technological determinism to technological choic e; from differentiated, demarcated and de-skilled to highly de-differentiated, de-demarcated and multi-skilled jobs; and from central and standardized to complex and fragmentary employment relations based on Knights and Willmott (2006). Although the current model of organizational processes have revolutionized society and industry in more ways than one, I do, however, also acknowledge Harding’s (2003) argument that the so-called modernist epoch was never ‘superseded’ (Jameson, 2002) and has not really gone away, but metamorphosed into the ideals we know now as post-modernist to ‘fill voids of understanding that exist in the modern world’. Viewed in this sense, the transformations we perceived are not necessarily changes, but continuity, which in a way animates Weil’s (1968, cited in Grey, 2005) remark

Vitamin D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vitamin D - Essay Example ists accomplished both identification and characterization of the O104: H4 strain in time, including the sequencing of its genome, they have not been able to explain where and how it came from. Since the manifestations of the incidence, people have put up with the fear of whether or not the infection may re-occur, a factor that has affected agricultural farming and destabilized food security (Berg 49). Moreover, various entities have overtime emphasized the fact that it would be of great significance for the origin of the infection to be identified. Similarly, concerns have been raised regarding delay in the diagnosis as well as in communicating the risk to the public. This essay aims to look into the risk analysis process, notably some of the events that came up in the course of and after the infection, as well as some of the findings and conclusions that we can employ in the future in case of re-occurrences of the strain. Hazard identification refers to the process of establishing the association that exists between the pathogenic organism as well as the human population. In an ideal world, several strains inhabit the human intestine. For an E. coli strain to initiate an epidemic infection of the nature exhibited in 2011, it must have produced some toxic materials and at the same time been resistant to antibiotic. Upon further study, it was established that the 2011 strain exhibited both the O and H antigens, hence the naming O104: H4. The intriguing factor in the course of the infection was that eight cases of the O104:H4 strain had been registered prior to the 2011 infection in Germany, France, Korea, Italy, Georgia and Finland (Berg 53). The fact that the 2011 scenario was extremely severe yet the strain had been reported some time in the past shows that indeed various entities were at fault for letting the infection be that virulent. E. coli strain O104: H4 strain infection went on for quite a while as it had enhanced adhesion, fitness and survival

Constitution of Uk Essay Example for Free

Constitution of Uk Essay As Pryor mentioned, a Constitution â€Å"is a written document setting out a system of founding principles according to which a nation is constituted and governed, and, most particularly, by which is sovereign power is located† (Pryor, 2008, pp. 4). Therefore, constitutions limit the governments’ powers, protect people’s rights, and infer the legitimacy of the state. The constitution of Great Britain hasn’t been brought together into a single document like other commonwealth countries such as France – it is not written or codified. Britain’s constitution is made up of common laws, Parliament acts, and customs and traditions. But Britain does have some important constitutional documents from the Act of Parliament such as the Magna Carta (1215): â€Å"which aimed to protect citizens against arbitrary power and guaranteed the right to a fair trial and trial by jury† (Barnett Diamantides, 2007, p.33), and Bill of Rights (1689): â€Å"the Lords and Commons, previous to the coronation of King William and Queen Mary had framed a bill which contained a declaration of the rights which they claimed in behalf of the people, and was in consequence called the Bill of Rights† (Jean Louis de Lolme, 1853, pp. 50). Britain has no written constitution because â€Å"the country has been stable for too long. The governing elites of many European nations, such as France and Germany, have been forced to draw up constitutions in response to popular revolt or war† (Morris, 2008). In addition, since the current situation has been working well for a long time, why to change it? Besides, the constitution can be changed or adjusted by acts of Parliament, or by an agreement. Since it is flexible, effective amendments in laws can be easily made. A.V. Dicey explained that a flexible constitution is â€Å"one under which every law of every description can legally be changed with the same ease and in the same manner by one and the same body† (Dicey, 1885, pp.65). It is also very valid for Great Britain not to have a written constitution so not to limit the power of the executive branch – the main executive branch being the parliament. Without the laws of the country written in a formal document where people can check them, it is very difficult to know the limits of the government. Hence, an unwritten constitution preserves the parliament’s sovereignty. Moreover, without a written constitution, the parliament is able to inspect the ministers in favor of the public. Albert Venn Dicey, who was a law professor in London School of Economics and a constitutional scientist, said that it is actually advantageous for Britain not to have a written constitution. He mentions that the people’s rights and democracy have been long respected in the constitutional arrangements of Great Britain. He called it (the respect of people) as the ‘The Rule of Law’ which is â€Å"the security given under the English constitution to the rights of individuals looked at from various points of view† (Dicey, 1885, pp. 107). Dicey summarized this rule in three main points. According to Dicey in his book ‘The Law of the Constitution’, no man will be punished except if the law allows it. Secondly, every man, regardless of his status, is subject to the law (no person is above the law). Thirdly, people’s liberty and rights are respected, and consequently, there is no need for the Bill of Rights (Dicey, 1885, pp. 110-115). A country might have a constitution, but may not enjoy constitutionalism. According to Kuper and Kuper â€Å"Constitutionalism is a political condition in which the constitution functions as an effective and significant limit on government† (The Social Science Encyclopedia, 1996, pp. 134). For constitutionalism to occur the constitution must constrain the government; hence, any government that is constitutional can be referred to as â€Å"limited government† (The Social Science Encyclopedia, 1996, pp. 134). In many regions, such as the European Union, constitutionalism is maintained by the Court of Justice, or judicial reviews. According to Kuper and Kuper, these practices aren’t required in the British system because â€Å"the most important constitutional precepts are maintained and enforced more informally through well-established popular attitudes and the restraint of politicians† (The Social Science Encyclopedia, 1996, pp. 134). Furthermore, there are countries with a written constitution such as Middle-eastern countries, but don’t practice constitutionalism. It is the executive body that rules and sets the laws, and in addition, there is no limit to its power. Furthermore, an opposition party or a judiciary, those who make sure that constitutionalism is practiced, and maintain constitutional limits are actually â€Å"not independent of government, because they are controlled by social or economic interests aligned with the government† (The Social Science Encyclopedia, 1996, pp. 134). Hence, even if there is a written constitution that can limit the government’s power, those who enforce constitutional laws may be in line with the government. A constitution might be nothing but a symbol or tool in order for governments to acquire both internal and external legitimacy, and for the public to respect the political and social rules. In the case of Britain, the people chose the anniversary of Magna Carta as the new national day, which shows that the people believe that the power of their ruler is bound. Magna Carta â€Å"didnt work in practice but it set a precedent. It advanced the cause of liberty, constitutionalism and parliamen tarianism†¦..† (The Telegraph, 2006). Reading in the news, the idea of forming a written constitution in Great Britain is being addressed by the current Prime Minister Gordon Brown in order to increase the democracy in Britain. But what must and must not be included in the constitutions? So, since this system has been working in Britain for centuries, and there is a body (the Parliament) that has some power over the prime minister, the system must not be tampered with. The well functionality of the system, the stability of the country, and the great flexibility in making and terminating laws are some of the reasons why Great Britain has an unwritten constitution. To sum everything up, Great Britain does not have a written constitution, but they do have other forms of constitutional documents. This system has been working well for a very long period of time, and even without a constitution, constitutionalism (which is limiting the government’s power) is still being practiced to some extent. Bibliography Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (ed.): The Social Science Encyclopedia (London: Routledge, 1996). A.V. Dicey: Introduction to the study of The Law of the Constitution (London: Macmillan, 1885). John Louis De Lolme: The Constitution of England (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853). Judith Pryor: Constitution (London: Routledge, 2008). Hilaire Barnett Marinos Diamantides: ‘Sources of the Constitution’, Public Law. Published on 2007 by University of London, accessed from http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/current_students/programme_resources/laws/subject_guides/public_law/public_chs1to4.pdf Nigel Morris: ‘The Big Question: Why doesnt the UK have a written constitution, and does it matter?’ published on 14/02/2008, accessed from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-why-doesnt-the-uk-have-a-written-constitution-and-does-it-matter-781975.html No author: ‘Magna Carta is favoured date for British Day’, published on 30/05/2006, accessed from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/2006/05/30/nmagna30.xml

Death and Humor in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essa

Death and Humor in Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn can be read as a boy's adventure novel, as a work of serious literature, as a humorous historical account, as biting social satire . . . I'm sure I could go on.   This is a book that has delighted generations of readers - it's rollingly funny, rife with adventure - and hopelessly morbid.   That's right.   I read Huckleberry Finn and it made me think of death.   The novel has a strange way of dealing with death.   There's a pretty high body count, yet each individual demise becomes an opportunity for high comedy.   We laugh, and the novel will laugh with us.   But it won't cry.   Perhaps this was a nod to time and place.   As far as the poetry of the time suggests, life in America in the late nineteenth century was not exactly cheerful.  Ã‚   Take this poem, published less than a year before Huckleberry Finn, as just one example:    When I am gone - Say!   Will the glad wind wander, wander on;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stooping with tenderest touches, yet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With frolic care beset, Lifting the long gray rushes, where the Stream   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And I so idly dream?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I feel its soft caress; The toying of its wild-wood tenderness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On brow and lips and eyes and hair,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As if through love aware   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That days must come when no fond wind shall creep   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Down where my heart's asleep! Hast thou a sympathy, A soul, O wandering Wind, that thou dost sigh? Or is't the heart within us still That aches for good or ill, And deems that Nature whispers, when alone Our inner Self makes moan? "Longing", by Wi... ...ems, amongst others, by Walter Blair's Mark Twain and Huck Finn.   (California: University of California Press, 1960). [5] Mark Twain.   Following the Equator.   England: Dover Publications, 1988. [6] Julia A. Moore.   Mortal Refrains: The Complete Collected Poetry, Prose, and Songs of Julia A. Moore, The Sweet Singer of Michigan.   Thomas J. Riedlinger, Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998 (5). [7] Mark Twain.   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1999 (124).   [8] Mark Twain.  Ã‚   "Post-Mortem Poetry", The Complete Humorous Sketches and Tales of Mark Twain, ed. Charles Neider.   New York: Doubleday, 1961 (156). [9] Mark Twain.   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1999 (295). [10] Mark Twain.   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1999 (194).   

Family and friends Essay

Katherine had done exercise which was more than necessary. She went to the gym about 5 times a week, which had really been a waste of time, as she was underweight and there was no need for her to exercise. This is because she did not have many calories which needed to be burnt off by exercising. Her diet was mainly made up of; unnourished foods and she did not eat as much as she did not either have the time, or did not enjoy eating at all. She was anorexic and also had the eating disorder of being bulimic. Although, my client is a very clean and hygienic person; she likes working in areas which are clean, and thought this was very important. However, my client was a very heavy smoker and alcoholic. Intellectually:  My client worked 6 days a week and only gets Sundays off to spend with her family and friends. Although, the Sunday Katherine sort off she did not make any use of it as she slept most of the day as she was very tired. My client was a very independent person, and did not at all try to be dependent’s he did not think she was self-worth and she had a low self esteem. Katherine was often stressing about either work or her family this made her become a very paranoid and anxious person. However she was a very hard working person. Emotionally:  Katherine was always depressed because, she is always being caught up in her work. My client does have the ability to go out and socialize; but feels that she does not have the confidence to go out and make new friends. By doing this she thinks bad of herself, which makes her feel disappointed about herself. Katherine was always sad and unhappy, most of the day which did not improve her motherly skills with her children. Socially:  My client had some friends but didn’t have a close nor good relationship with both her family and friends. And had a problem against talking to other people and making new friends, as she did not feel self-worth and didn’t have the self-esteem to boost her confidence. She wouldn’t organize day trips to enjoy her holidays, and whenever she tried something would go wrong.  AFTER:  My client- Katherine Lewis  But now my client is doing more of this. Physically: Katherine now does a regular amount of exercise. My client takes part in more exercise activities; she has also widened her variety in activities, which has been really good for her physical status. She takes part in things like: swimming, aerobics, dance- for about an hour each session, and jogging, walking for about- 30 minutes each day. Katherine has improved her diet dramatically as, she now eats more than usual and has a very spread out and balanced diet plan. Her diet is mainly made up of now, more nutritious and healthy foods; she also replaced her diet of made up of mostly liquids, to fruits and nuts. On the whole Katherine has a stable weight which is really good for her body, and is slowing becoming a much healthier person from before. Intellectually:  My client now gets up earlier and goes to bed quicker, as this refreshes her for the morning activities which lay ahead of her. This also gives her the opportunity to think straight, and get ready for the challenges which may come ahead of her. She has begun thinking more about the positive things in life, rather than always thinking about the negative sides of things. She has stopped stressing so much about her work and home life, so this gives her a better view upon things, such as how to go solve a problem, or how to spend more time with the family. Her intellectual thinking skills, has improved massively, as she feels more confident about herself. Emotionally:  Katherine goes out more, and opens up her feelings much more than she used to. She feels that she has become a more self-assured person, so this encourages her more to go out and spend some time with her family and friends. My client, who used to feel that she had no one to discuss problems with, has now realised that her family and friends are always there to talk to and to confide with. She used to always be depressed, but now has found resolutions to that, and is happier than before. She emotionally is aware that she has many people around her, who will support and provide her with company if she ever needs it. Overall, my client is a supplementary joyful person, than before.  Socially:  Katherine has now started socializing more than she used to. She invites family and friends over to her house, to get to know them better. This has assisted her a lot, in her socializing skills; she goes out more and has meet many new friends; which are all from different backgrounds. She has the confidence, and the assurance to create a relationship with new people.

Choose Project-Based Learning

In any learning process, one should distinguish between the busy work and the actual practical learning. While memorizing information and exploring the theory might seem like important activities, students learn only when they are involved and when the piece of knowledge is personally meaningful to them. The best learning mode would be to offer students working on projects that assume a tangible result, educational value and satisfaction from the process. The benefits of project-based learning are all about these things. Project-based learning, or PBL, derives from John Dewey’s idea of â€Å"learning by doing,† which was explored in late nineteenth century. By mid-2000s, there were entire schools that adopted this method of learning. The research results showed that students manifested better academic success and higher grades in classrooms where PBL was practiced, as compared to the classrooms with the traditional learning style. According to education theorists, the current goal of education is not to make students meet the curriculum requirements, but to make them creative, passionate, capable of critical thinking and collaboration. All of this can be acquired only through personal experience. Below are some of the characteristics of project-based learning that explain how this method contributes to the multifaceted development of students in the process of learning. PBL is centered on real-world projects. Each project starts with an open question that is triggered by a particular situation. Students are familiarized with an existing problem, to which they need to find or propose a solution. This motivates them to learn and participate more, as they feel involved in something truly meaningful to them and society. Personal involvement of each student matters a lot. It is a very important component and one of the main principles of project-based learning. While answering standard questions is a characteristic of busy work, in PBL, a student should not only seek answers, but ask questions as well. Students will feel really involved when they are concerned about the problem and motivated to seek the solution. While working on their projects, students decide its nature and draft its final look for themselves. Student-driven learning process suggests that the participants choose the direction of projects themselves, after they do some preliminary research on the topic. It is important that collecting information is not reduced to copying it from the printed and online resources. Conducting surveys, interviewing the experts, and exploring particular cases will provide more in-depth information on the topic and get the learners involved even more. Students develop the ability to cooperate with others and organize the activities. Students choose their project partners themselves and distribute the roles among the team members. It is important that every participant makes an equal contribution to the project, and that everybody coordinates their work with the team. Every piece of work is assessed in a complex way. The principle of right and wrong cannot be applied here. Every component of the project and every little contribution counts. Teachers often practice presentation of projects to the greater audience which can consist of parents, peers, experts, local activists, or public thought leaders. This gives students a feeling of significance of the work that has been done. Learning is a very complex process which comprises much more than acquisition of information and development of the subject-related skills. It also involves critical and system thinking, resource management, cooperation between subjects, and understanding of practical significance of the issue learned. Project-based learning is a form of the meaningful practical learning which shapes students as both individuals and functional members of the society.